Glaucoma Services

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What is glaucoma?

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases in which the pressure of fluid within the eye gradually increases to a level not tolerated by the sensitive tissues of the eye. The opticnerve, which carries visual images to the brain, is susceptible to damage from glaucoma. Such damage is irreparable, resulting in permanent loss of vision and complete blindness. Rarely, a weakly, structured optic nerve or poor blood circulation in the back of the eye can also cause glaucoma-like damage to the optic nerve, even if eye pressures are normal.

What causes glaucoma?

There is a fluid filled chamber in front of the eye called the anterior chamber. It is filled with aquous humour, which bathes and nourishes the tissues of the eye. For reasons yet unknown, if the drainage of the eye is restricted, pressure builds up within the eye. Unless this pressure is controlled by appropriate treatment, it causes irreversible damage to the optic nerve and other parts of the eye causing  a permanent loss of vision.

Who is likely to get glaucoma?

Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness in India. Based on various population sample studies, about 3 percent of the general population have some form of glaucoma.

What are the symptoms of glaucoma?

Most types of glaucoma can cause significant visual loss without any symptoms. Until advanced, vision stays normal and there is no pain or redness of the eye. Hence, a periodical eye check-up of all individuals is desirable to exclude the possibility of glaucoma. However, if glaucoma progresses without adequate treatment, the following symptoms may occur in some individuals:

How is glaucoma detected?

A simple test with a device called the tonometer measures pressure within the eye. This is performed after applying local anaesthetic eye drops that numb the eye. It does not cause pain or irritation. This test alone cannot detect all glaucomas. The back of the eye should be inspected to view the optic nerve after dilating the pupils. Side vision is examined by a computer-assisted, simple test called perimetry (visual field examination).

How is glaucoma treated?

Glaucoma cannot be cured. The loss of vision that already exists cannot be recovered. However, appropriate treatment and regular follow-up can preserve residual vision from further damage. Earlier the diagnosis, better is the chances of arresting the progression of glaucoma.

Medication: Several drugs are available to reduce fluid formation within the eye or promote their drainage from the eye. For most people with glaucoma regular use of medications will control the increased fluid pressure. However, in some, drugs may stop working after a period of time. In this situation, the ophthalmologist can help by adding or changing medication or by choosing another type of treatment: laser or surgical methods. Periodical eye examination are therefore essential to ensure that the medications are working.

Laser treatment

In some type of glaucomas, called angle closure glaucoma, YAG Laser Iridotomy treatment is used to reduce eye pressure. This is a simple out-patient procedure which uses a strong beam of light to relieve the pressure. In open angle type glaucomas, laser Trabeculoplasty treatment can be done.

Surgery

In some persons with glaucoma, medical or laser treatment is insufficient to arrest glaucoma and surgery is indicated. But this treatment option has its risks and Limitations and is reserved as treatment of last resort. Even after surgical treatment, individuals with glaucoma should continue periodical check-ups by an ophthalmologist, to ensure adequate control of eye pressures.